Abstract
Accurately estimating friction coefficients between arbitrary material pairs is critical for robotics, digital fabrication, and physics-based simulation, but exhaustive pairwise testing scales quadratically with the number of materials. We introduce a proxy-based modeling framework that approximates any pairwise friction f(A,B) from a small, fixed set of proxy materials C=[c_1,\dots,c_k] by learning a per-material embedding z_A = g(f(A,c1),\dots,f(A,ck)) and a fusion function p such that f(A,B)\approx p\big(z_A,z_B\big). We present deterministic and probabilistic realizations of g and p, procedures for selecting diverse proxy sets, and mechanisms for handling missing or noisy proxy measurements. The learned embeddings are compact, interpretable, and enable calibrated uncertainty estimates for downstream decision making. On simulated and measured friction datasets, our approach achieves high predictive accuracy, robust performance with partial observations, and substantial experimental savings by significantly reducing pairwise testing.
