Abstract
Standard scaled dot-product attention computes scores from static, independent projections of the input. We show that evolving queries and keys \emph{jointly} through shared learned dynamics before scoring - which we call \textbf{coupled QK dynamics} - improves language modeling perplexity and training stability. On WikiText-103 at 60M parameters, coupled dynamics achieves 22.55--22.62 perplexity vs.\ 24.22 for standard attention (-6.6--6.9\%), with only 0.11\% additional parameters (shared across both instantiations). A structural ablation isolates coupling as the active ingredient: a symplectic (Hamiltonian) and a non-symplectic (Euler) integrator perform identically when both couple Q and K, while an uncoupled MLP baseline of matched capacity reaches only 23.81 with 8\times higher seed variance. The integration step count (1--7) is similarly irrelevant - a single coupled step suffices. A compute-matched comparison reveals that coupling is a \emph{sample-efficiency} mechanism: standard attention trained for 2.4\times longer (matching wall-clock) reaches the same perplexity, but requires 2.4\times more tokens. The advantage scales to 150M (-6.7\%) but narrows at 350M (-1.0\%), where Differential Attention (18.93) overtakes coupled dynamics (19.35). The benefit is corpus-dependent: coupling helps on domain-coherent text (WikiText-103 -6.6\%, PubMed -4.5\%) but degrades on heterogeneous web text (+10.3\%) and shows no benefit on GLUE. We characterize when coupling helps and when it does not, providing practical guidelines.
