Where to Steer: Input-Dependent Layer Selection for Steering Improves LLM Alignment

Abstract

Steering vectors have emerged as a lightweight and effective approach for aligning large language models (LLMs) at inference time, enabling modulation over model behaviors by shifting LLM representations towards a target behavior. However, existing methods typically apply steering vectors at a globally fixed layer, implicitly assuming that the optimal intervention layer is invariant across inputs. We argue that this assumption is fundamentally limited, as representations relevant to a target behavior can be encoded at different layers depending on the input. Theoretically, we show that different inputs can require steering at different layers to achieve alignment with a desirable model behavior. We also provide empirical evidence that the optimal steering layer varies substantially across inputs in practice. Motivated by these observations, we introduce Where to Steer (W2S), a framework that adaptively selects the intervention layer conditioned on the input, by learning a mapping from input embeddings to optimal steering layers. Across multiple LLMs and alignment behaviors, W2S consistently outperforms fixed-layer baselines, with improvements in both in-distribution and out-of-distribution settings. Our findings highlight the importance of input-dependent control in LLM alignment and demonstrate that adaptive layer selection is a key design dimension missing in the current methodology of steering vectors.