Toward Structural Multimodal Representations: Specialization, Selection, and Sparsification via Mixture-of-Experts

Abstract

We propose S3 (Specialization, Selection, Sparsification), a framework that rethinks multimodal learning through a structural perspective. Instead of encoding all signals into a fixed embedding, S3 decomposes multimodal inputs into semantic experts and selectively routes them for each task. Specialization forms concept-level experts in a shared latent space, Selection adapts routing for task-specific needs, and Sparsification prunes low-utility paths to yield compact, information-minimal representations. Across four MultiBench benchmarks, S3 improves accuracy and shows a consistent reverse U-shaped sparsity-performance trend, with peak performance at intermediate sparsity. These results suggest that structuring multimodal representations as selectable semantic components provides a practical and principled alternative to contrastive learning or InfoMax-driven approaches.