Abstract
The reverse process in score-based diffusion models is formally equivalent to overdamped Langevin dynamics in a time-dependent energy landscape. In our prior work we showed that a bilinearly-coupled analog substrate can physically realize this dynamics at a projected three-to-four orders of magnitude energy advantage over digital inference by replacing dense skip connections with low-rank inter-module couplings. Whether the \emph{training} loop can be closed on the same substrate -- without routing gradients through an external digital accelerator -- has remained open. We resolve this affirmatively: Equilibrium Propagation applied directly to the bilinear energy yields an unbiased estimator of the denoising score-matching gradient in the zero-nudge limit. For finite nudging we derive a sharp bias bound controlled solely by substrate stiffness, local curvature, and the norm of the loss-gradient signal, with a bilinear-specific corollary showing that one dominant bias term vanishes identically for coupling-parameter updates. Symmetric nudging further upgrades the leading bias from \mathcal{O}(\beta) to \mathcal{O}(\beta^2) at negligible extra cost. Under realistic finite-relaxation budgets this upgrade is essential, as one-sided EqProp produces anti-correlated gradients while symmetric EqProp yields well-aligned updates. Bias-variance analysis determines the optimal operating point, and end-to-end physical-unit accounting projects a 10^3-10^4\times energy advantage per training step over a matched GPU baseline. Symmetric bilinear EqProp is the first local, readout-only training rule that preserves the low-rank coupling enabling scalable thermodynamic diffusion models.
