Dataset-Level Metrics Attenuate Non-Determinism: A Fine-Grained Non-Determinism Evaluation in Diffusion Language Models

Abstract

Diffusion language models (DLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for large language models (LLMs), yet the non-deterministic behavior of DLMs remains poorly understood. The existing non-determinism evaluations for LLMs predominantly rely on dataset-level metrics under fixed inference configurations, providing limited insight into how model behavior varies across runs and evaluation conditions. In this work, we show that dataset-level metrics systematically attenuate non-determinism in diffusion language models by aggregating sample-level prediction quality across different runs. As a result, configurations with similar aggregate performance can exhibit substantially different behaviors on individual inputs, leaving fine-grained instability and distinct error patterns uncharacterized. To address this limitation, we conduct a fine-grained evaluation of non-determinism based on sample-level prediction differences across a range of model-related factors-including guidance scale, diffusion steps, and Monte Carlo sampling-as well as system-related factors such as batch size, hardware, and numerical precision. Our analysis reveals that non-determinism in DLMs is pervasive and structured, with code generation exhibiting markedly higher sensitivity to factor-level choices than question answering. To attribute sources of non-determinism evaluation, we introduce Factor Variance Attribution (FVA), a cross-factor analysis metric that decomposes observed non-determinism into variance attributable to different evaluation factor settings. Our findings highlight the need for fine-grained, factor-aware evaluation to enable reliable non-determinism assessment of diffusion language models.