Shower-Aware Dual-Stream Voxel Networks for Structural Defect Detection in Cosmic-Ray Muon Tomography

Abstract

We present SA-DSVN, a 3D convolutional architecture for voxel-level segmentation of structural defects in reinforced concrete using cosmic-ray muon tomography. Unlike conventional reconstruction methods (POCA, MLSD) that rely solely on muon scattering angles, our approach jointly processes scattering kinematics (9 channels) and secondary electromagnetic shower multiplicities (40 channels) through independent encoder streams fused via cross-attention. Training data were generated using Vega, a cloud-native Geant4 simulation framework, producing 4.5 million muon events across 900 volumes containing four defect types - honeycombing, shear fracture, corrosion voids, and delamination - embedded within a dense 7x7 rebar cage. A five-variant ablation study demonstrates that the shower multiplicity stream alone accounts for the majority of discriminative power, raising defect-mean Dice from 0.535 (scattering only) to 0.685 (shower only). On 60 independently simulated validation volumes, the model achieves 96.3% voxel accuracy, per-defect Dice scores of 0.59-0.81, and 100% volume-level detection sensitivity at 10 ms inference per volume. These results establish secondary shower multiplicity as a previously unexploited but highly effective feature for learned muon tomographic reconstruction.