Natural gradient descent with momentum

Abstract

We consider the problem of approximating a function by an element of a nonlinear manifold which admits a differentiable parametrization, typical examples being neural networks with differentiable activation functions or tensor networks. Natural gradient descent (NGD) for the optimization of a loss function can be seen as a preconditioned gradient descent where updates in the parameter space are driven by a functional perspective. In a spirit similar to Newton's method, a NGD step uses, instead of the Hessian, the Gram matrix of the generating system of the tangent space to the approximation manifold at the current iterate, with respect to a suitable metric. This corresponds to a locally optimal update in function space, following a projected gradient onto the tangent space to the manifold. Still, both gradient and natural gradient descent methods get stuck in local minima. Furthermore, when the model class is a nonlinear manifold or the loss function is not ideally conditioned (e.g., the KL-divergence for density estimation, or a norm of the residual of a partial differential equation in physics informed learning), even the natural gradient might yield non-optimal directions at each step. This work introduces a natural version of classical inertial dynamic methods like Heavy-Ball or Nesterov and show how it can improve the learning process when working with nonlinear model classes.