Architecture of an AI-Based Automated Course of Action Generation System for Military Operations

arXiv cs.AI / 4/25/2026

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Key Points

The paper argues that automated Course of Action (CoA) planning will become increasingly important as maneuver, surveillance, and weapon ranges expand, making manual planning harder.
It notes that many countries and defense organizations are developing AI-based CoA planning systems, but technical maturity is difficult to evaluate because details are often restricted or not publicly disclosed.
To address this, the study compiles publicly available doctrines relevant to CoA planning and maps appropriate AI technologies to each stage of the process.
The research ultimately proposes an architecture/framework for building an automated AI-based CoA planning system.

Abstract

The automation system for Course of Action (CoA) planning is an essential element in future warfare. As maneuver speeds increase, surveillance ranges extend, and weapon ranges grow, the operational area expands, making traditional manned-based CoA planning increasingly challenging. Consequently, the development of an AI-based automated CoA planning system is becoming increasingly necessary. Accordingly, several countries and defense organizations are actively developing AI-based CoA planning systems. However, due to security restrictions and limited public disclosure, the technical maturity of such systems remains difficult to assess. Furthermore, as these systems are military-related, their details are not publicly disclosed, making it difficult to accurately assess the current level of development. In response to this, this study aims to introduce relevant doctrines within the scope of publicly available information and present applicable AI technologies for each stage of the CoA planning process. Ultimately, it proposes an architecture for the development of an automated CoA planning system.