MedVeriSeg: Teaching MLLM-Based Medical Segmentation Models to Verify Query Validity Without Extra Training

Abstract

Despite recent advances in MLLM-based medical image segmentation, existing LISA-like methods cannot reliably reject false queries and often produce hallucinated segmentation masks for absent targets. This limitation reduces practical reliability in both medical education and clinical use. In this work, we propose MedVeriSeg, a training-free verification framework that equips LISA-like medical segmentation models with the ability to identify and reject false queries which contain non-existent targets. Our key observation is that the similarity map between the [SEG] token feature and MLLM image features exhibits markedly different distribution patterns for true and false queries. Based on this, we introduce a Similarity Response Quality Scoring Module that characterizes the similarity map from three aspects: strength, compactness, and purity, producing an initial target-existence prediction. We further incorporate qualitative visual evidence by using GPT-4o to jointly assess the similarity heatmap and the results of Similarity Response Quality Scoring Module for final verification. Experiments on a small-scale benchmark constructed from SA-Med2D-20M show that MedVeriSeg effectively rejects false-query segmentation requests while maintaining reliable recognition of true queries.