Bridging National and International Legal Data: Two Projects Based on the Japanese Legal Standard XML Schema for Comparative Law Studies

arXiv cs.CL / 3/17/2026

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Key Points

The paper proposes an integrated framework that links two projects based on the Japanese Legal Standard XML schema to support computational comparative law.
It develops a conversion pipeline from JLS to Akoma Ntoso to enable Japanese statutes to be integrated into international LegalDocML-based legislative databases.
It applies multilingual embedding models and semantic textual similarity to identify corresponding provisions across national legal systems.
A prototype system combines multilingual embeddings, FAISS retrieval, and Cross-Encoder reranking to generate candidate correspondences and visualize them as cross-jurisdictional networks for exploratory analysis.

Abstract

This paper presents an integrated framework for computational comparative law by connecting two consecutive research projects based on the Japanese Legal Standard (JLS) XML schema. The first project establishes structural interoperability by developing a conversion pipeline from JLS to the Akoma Ntoso (AKN) standard, enabling Japanese statutes to be integrated into international LegalDocML-based legislative databases. Building on this foundation, the second project applies multilingual embedding models and semantic textual similarity techniques to identify corresponding provisions across national legal systems. A prototype system combining multilingual embeddings, FAISS retrieval, and Cross-Encoder reranking generates candidate correspondences and visualizes them as cross-jurisdictional networks for exploratory comparative analysis.