Grounding Arabic LLMs in the Doha Historical Dictionary: Retrieval-Augmented Understanding of Quran and Hadith

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in many language tasks, yet they continue to struggle with complex historical and religious Arabic texts such as the Quran and Hadith. To address this limitation, we develop a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) framework grounded in diachronic lexicographic knowledge. Unlike prior RAG systems that rely on general-purpose corpora, our approach retrieves evidence from the Doha Historical Dictionary of Arabic (DHDA), a large-scale resource documenting the historical development of Arabic vocabulary. The proposed pipeline combines hybrid retrieval with an intent-based routing mechanism to provide LLMs with precise, contextually relevant historical information. Our experiments show that this approach improves the accuracy of Arabic-native LLMs, including Fanar and ALLaM, to over 85\%, substantially reducing the performance gap with Gemini, a proprietary large-scale model. Gemini also serves as an LLM-as-a-judge system for automatic evaluation in our experiments. The automated judgments were verified through human evaluation, demonstrating high agreement (kappa = 0.87). An error analysis further highlights key linguistic challenges, including diacritics and compound expressions. These findings demonstrate the value of integrating diachronic lexicographic resources into retrieval-augmented generation frameworks to enhance Arabic language understanding, particularly for historical and religious texts. The code and resources are publicly available at: https://github.com/somayaeltanbouly/Doha-Dictionary-RAG.