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Learning Bayesian and Markov Networks with an Unreliable Oracle

arXiv cs.LG / 3/11/2026

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Key Points

  • The paper investigates constraint-based structure learning of Bayesian and Markov networks when the conditional independence oracle may produce some errors bounded in number.
  • For Markov networks, the study finds that if the network has a low maximum number of vertex-wise disjoint paths, its structure can still be uniquely identified even with a moderately exponential number of oracle errors.
  • In contrast, for Bayesian networks, any error in the oracle can prevent guaranteed identification of the structure, even under restrictions such as bounded treewidth.
  • The authors propose algorithms designed to learn network structures in cases where uniqueness of the structure identification is assured despite oracle errors.
  • This research advances understanding of learning probabilistic graphical models under imperfect information, highlighting different robustness between Markov and Bayesian networks.

Computer Science > Machine Learning

arXiv:2603.09563 (cs)
[Submitted on 10 Mar 2026]

Title:Learning Bayesian and Markov Networks with an Unreliable Oracle

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Abstract:We study constraint-based structure learning of Markov networks and Bayesian networks in the presence of an unreliable conditional independence oracle that makes at most a bounded number of errors. For Markov networks, we observe that a low maximum number of vertex-wise disjoint paths implies that the structure is uniquely identifiable even if the number of errors is (moderately) exponential in the number of vertices. For Bayesian networks, however, we prove that one cannot tolerate any errors to always identify the structure even when many commonly used graph parameters like treewidth are bounded. Finally, we give algorithms for structure learning when the structure is uniquely identifiable.
Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Cite as: arXiv:2603.09563 [cs.LG]
  (or arXiv:2603.09563v1 [cs.LG] for this version)
  https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.09563
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arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

Submission history

From: Pekka Parviainen [view email]
[v1] Tue, 10 Mar 2026 12:07:53 UTC (76 KB)
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